The Trojan Horse of Tibetan Buddhism


This whole emptiness thing is ultimately a red herring. It’s a smokescreen nudging us toward mediumship. The religion of the future is a religion of possession. It’s this neo-shamanic, pagan paradigm centered on emptying oneself. That’s where all this nihilism, all this narcissism, and all the psychedelic nonsense leads. It’s getting people to a place where they feel logically prepared to become comfortable with letting entities in.” (1)

Thomas Millary, Psyop Cinema

The story of Troy offers one of the clearest images of deception ever given to the West. After failing to conquer the city by force, the Greeks constructed an enormous wooden horse, concealed armed men inside it, and left it outside the walls as an apparent offering. The Trojans brought the object into their own city. What appeared peaceful, sacred, and worthy of reverence carried an invading force within it.

Strictly speaking, the horse does not appear in Homer’s Iliad, which ends before Troy falls. It belongs to the wider Trojan cycle and is recalled in Homer’s Odyssey. Yet the metaphor grows directly from the Homeric world: what cannot enter openly enters through deception and misplaced reverence.

This is how I have come to understand the spread of Tibetan Buddhism and related occult religions in the West.

They did not arrive announcing themselves as systems of spirit invocation, ritual transformation, deity possession, and total submission to unseen beings and their human minions. They entered through a much more attractive gateway, one of compassion, mindfulness, and methods for dealing with psychological disorders like anxiety. The public was shown an attractive wooden horse. Few people thought to ask what might be concealed inside it.

The outer presentation is as follows: newcomers learn basic Buddhist ethics, calm-abiding meditation, (shamatha), and insight meditation (vipassana). They learn about compassion, non-attachment, loving-kindness, emptiness, and the Middle Way. They may be introduced to Chenrezig meditation practice–a white, four-armed deity who embodies compassion. The language sounds philosophical and therapeutic. It promises greater self-knowledge, freedom from destructive emotions, and a kinder relationship with the world.

What remains out of view is the destination toward which the system leads. Adjacent to the public meditation halls are advanced teachings restricted by initiation, vows, and secrecy. At some centers there are retreat buildings where selected practitioners undertake the traditional three-year retreat. The curriculum usually includes Vajrayana sadhanas, subtle-body exercises, guru yoga, deity visualization, mantra recitation, and practices in which the practitioner is taught to dissolve ordinary identity and arise as a tantric deity. Such practices are presented internally as sacred methods for attaining realization. I eventually came to see them differently: as training in demonic spirit channeling, concealed beneath theological euphemisms that make the entities and rituals sound safe and beneficent.

This distinction between the outer presentation and inner practice is the heart of the Trojan Horse metaphor. The problem is not that every person teaching awareness of the breath knows what lies at the end of the initiatory road. Many Western instructors may have encountered only the public teachings themselves. Some may sincerely believe that they are offering neutral psychological exercises. A Trojan Horse does not require every person pulling it through the gate to know what it contains.

The Tibetan Buddhist Center Above, The Magickal Childe Below

I first encountered Tibetan Buddhist practices at a center on West 19th Street in New York City. On the ground floor of the building was an infamous occult shop called The Magickal Childe. The Buddhist center was on the fifth floor.

The Magickal Childe was one of New York’s best-known occult shops. Its shelves carried ritual implements, esoteric books, herbs, incense, candles, and magical material drawn from several occult traditions. We were warned to stay away from it because it sold hardcore Satanic literature and paraphernalia.

Upstairs, everything was different, or so it appeared. We learned about buddhas and bodhisattvas, compassion and enlightenment. We were taught practices that seemed morally elevated and spiritually clean. Whatever might have been happening in the shop below appeared to have nothing to do with the meditation and philosophy offered several floors above.

Looking back, I see the arrangement as an almost perfect symbol. The obvious occultism was downstairs, where it could be recognized by its black candles, grimoires, and sinister reputation. The respectable spiritual system was upstairs, wrapped in the language of wisdom and compassion. We assumed that the difference in appearance proved a difference in kind.

What we could not see was the possibility that we, too, were being prepared for spirit channeling, though perhaps involving a different class of demons from those summoned through the grimoires and ritual objects sold downstairs. The preparation was slower, more sophisticated, and protected by an elaborate philosophical structure. What appeared to be a path far removed from overt Satanism eventually led toward identification with beings presented as tantric deities, protectors, and dakinis, all described as enlightened manifestations but ultimately demonic in nature.

The overt occultist seeks an entity. The tantric initiate is taught to visualize one, invoke it, identify with it, and allow it to displace one’s ordinary sense of self. The vocabulary differs, but from a Christian perspective, the spiritual danger does not.

The Empty Man and the Two Faces of Initiation

The film The Empty Man helped me see this pattern more clearly. I found much of the film difficult to sit through, although it has its moments. More rewarding was the discussion of the film by Thomas Millary, his Psyop Cinema co-host Brett Carollo, and Jay Dyer. Millary is a scholar of religion, philosophy, and theology whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity changed his understanding of his earlier interests in paranormal phenomena, mysticism, occultism, psychedelia, and popular culture. His work now examines the spiritual and psychological messages concealed in film.

One sequence in The Empty Man particularly stayed with me. At the Pontifex Institute, ordinary people receive abstract teachings about meditation, identity, and emptiness. In the bowels of the building, secluded initiates participate in a collective ritual centered upon transmitting or incarnating an inhuman entity. The respectable institute and the occult rite are parts of one system. The public teaching creates the intellectual and psychological container necessary for the hidden operation.

That juxtaposition reminded me immediately of the Tibetan Buddhist centers where I lived and studied. The newcomers learn that the self lacks inherent existence and that all phenomena are empty. These teachings initially seem like a superior form of philosophy combined with methods for calming the mind.

Nearby, but largely invisible to the newcomer, are initiates undertaking practices that bear little resemblance to a secular mindfulness class. They make vows with non-human entities whose natures may not have been well understood by the initiates when they first entered.

In The Empty Man, the institute needs an empty vessel. The film’s horror depends on the possibility that a human personality can be weakened, reconstructed, or displaced so that something else can speak and act through it.

That is why Millary’s warning about emptiness deserves serious attention. Emptiness can be presented as an abstract philosophical claim about dependent origination and the absence of inherent existence. It can also function psychologically as a program of self-erasure. When combined with submission to a guru, repetitive ritual, sensory isolation, visualization, breath manipulation, and invocation, the practical question becomes unavoidable: What is expected to occupy the space once the person has been trained to empty himself?

The “Gift” Brought Through the Gates

The people of Troy were not conquered because they lacked intelligence. They were conquered because they misidentified a weapon as a gift.

The Western fascination with Buddhism has been shaped by a similar misidentification. What came from the East was frequently treated as a superior philosophy rather than a religion containing pagan gods and evil spirits, rituals, initiations, demonic hierarchies, indelible vows, and dangerous esoteric practices. Western converts were encouraged to contrast Buddhist rationality with supposedly primitive Christian beliefs about a Creator God, heaven and hell, and the outdated concepts of good and evil.

That contrast made the deception easier. A culture that scoffs at the concept of demons will not recognize an demonic invocation when it is renamed a visualization. A person who would refuse to summon a spirit may agree to “generate” himself as a deity. Someone who would recoil from possession may accept ego dissolution, guru devotion, and the surrender of ordinary identity when those things are presented as advanced methods of awakening.

By the time the nature of the inner system becomes visible, the practitioner may have invested years of diligent work, surrendered moral judgment to a teacher, accepted secrecy vows, and learned to interpret fear or resistance as evidence of spiritual inferiority. The horse is already inside the walls.

The question is therefore much larger than whether meditation can make people feel calmer and more peaceful. It often can. We must judge a religious system by its full initiatory structure, not merely by the introductory practices shown to the public. We must ask where the path ultimately leads, what type of beings are invoked, what vows are demanded, what spiritual realities are concealed, and why the deeper teachings require forms of secrecy that prevent newcomers from giving true informed consent.

The occult did not need to batter down the gates of the post-Christian West. Tibetan monks and lamas entered bearing teachings of compassion and emptiness. Western seekers welcomed the apparent offering with open arms, unaware of what was concealed within.

(1) Thomas Millary, quoted and lightly edited for clarity: “Luciferian Pop Culture: Empty Man, La Femme Nikita & Hardware – PsyOP Cinema + Jay Dyer” discussion with Brett Carollo and Jay Dyer, YouTube video, accessed July 27, 2026, @1:56:48: https://youtu.be/u7CMHjtskXw?si=W86oMv0jDizk_FWP.

Tertons, Termas, and the Curious Origins of Hidden Teachings


Tibetan Buddhism’s terma tradition is usually framed as a luminous, providential means by which enlightened masters hide and later reveal teachings at the exact moment needed. That’s part of the story, but it’s not the whole story by any means. Read closely, and a darker current runs through the terma corpus: treasures hidden and guarded by wrathful powers, revelations that arrive through strange, sometimes malevolent intermediaries, and rituals whose intent and method look remarkably like what modern people would call dealings with spirits or demons. In short, many tertons don’t simply find teachings; they negotiate with non-human, often wrathful forces that can reasonably be described as demonic. Below I’ll examine Dylan Esler’s study of Gya Zhang Khrom (rGya Zhang khrom)¹ and other scholarly sources as a base to examine the phenomena of tertons and terma.

What the words mean

A terma (gter ma) is literally a “hidden treasure”: text, ritual object, or practice concealed (often in a rock, lake, or the mindstream of a guru) to be discovered by a tertön (gter ston), the treasure-revealer. Academic treatments correctly emphasize the social and legitimating functions of these discoveries in prophecies, lineages, and performative acts that make the revelation believable to followers. But the same sources that record authentication narratives also preserve striking descriptions of how termas are hidden, guarded, and recovered: they are defended by territorial spirits or “treasure-lords,” transmitted by non-human yogins, and often carry explicitly wrathful, “black magic” contents. Non-human yogins can take the form of visionary yogins, dakinis/dakas, local spirits, or wrathful entities, and they act as the intermediaries who hide, protect, or hand over the treasure.

A close example: Gya Zhang Khrom and wrathful treasures

Dylan Esler’s article on Gya Zhang Khrom in the (Byang gter) Northern Treasures tradition recounts the classic terma motif: a mysterious yogin leads the future tertön to a hidden cache of ritual objects and scrolls that come out of fissures in rock, and the revealer deciphers and transmits material that includes both beneficent and harmful ritual instructions. Esler notes items described as “cycles for benefiting and harming,” in other words, materials for both white and black magic, and he situates Gya Zhang’s revelations within a Northern Treasure program that explicitly deploys wrathful, coercive ritual means. That combination of secret caches, hidden custodians, and instruction sets for destructive rituals is exactly the pattern that supports reading many termas as arriving via a demonic or semi-demonic channel.

Treasure-protectors and Lords of the Treasures: the institutional side of the “demonic”

The literatures that record terma narratives repeatedly mention gter srung (treasure-protectors) and gter bdag (lords of the treasures). These are not neutral filing cabinets: they are spirits of place, frequently wrathful, who demand protocols and substitutions (gter tshab) when a cache is opened. Ethnographic and textual scholarship treats these beings as part of the class of local, elemental, or “demonic” forces that Tibetan ritual both confronts and incorporates. Scholarly surveys of protector deities and the oral/ritual ecology around termas make clear that treasures do not simply sit inert but are guarded by active, sometimes dangerous entities. If a tertön is authorized by prophecy, that can mitigate local resistance; if not, accusations of theft and collusion with spirits arise.²

Demon-taming, wrathful methods, and ambiguous agency

The well-known motif of Padmasambhava as demon-tamer is instructive: foundational tantric figures are often framed as subduers of hostile spirits, and the very act of revealing a terma can be portrayed as the tertön’s success in negotiating or subduing a guardian force. But negotiation is not always tame or benign. A number of terma traditions preserve wrathful practices intended to overthrow enemies, cure epidemics, or control hostile spirits—techniques that look like pacts or coercive exchanges with non-human agencies. Scholarly work on Dzogchen/Northern Treasure liturgies and on early treasure careers shows repeated, explicit intersections between revealing termas and advancing ritual technologies of domination or protection over local powers.³

So, do tertons get their termas from demons?

In many traditional narratives and ritual contexts, yes. Termas are mediated by, guarded by, or negotiated with non-human beings that function similar to what observers would call demons. That’s a historical and anthropological claim. The primary sources and modern scholarship present a consistent pattern: treasures are hidden in the landscape or mind, are protected by wrathful custodians, and are sometimes transmitted by shadowy yogins or through visions that are indistinguishable from encounters with spirits. Where the contemporary, institutional presentation emphasizes enlightened intent and salvific purpose, the deeper ritual ecology reveals frequent recourse to powers that are territorial and morally ambiguous.

Final thoughts

Terma studies that stop at the rhetoric of revelation miss the subterranean reality that produces and polices those revelations. Esler’s account of Gya Zhang Khrom’s discoveries of materials explicitly useful for harming as well as helping presents a pattern replicated across the terma corpus. Read with discernment, the terma tradition looks less like a straight line from enlightened source to human disciple and more like a braided negotiation between the human revealer, local spirits or demons, and the institutional needs of Buddhist communities. That picture is central to my argument: many tertons operate at the shadowy margins where demonic forces and tantric techniques meet, and their termas are as much the products of those encounters as they are of the “pure” spiritual origins claimed by their lineages.

Notes:

  1. Dylan Esler, “Yamāntaka’s Wrathful Magic: An Instance of the Ritual Legacy of gNubs chen Sangs rgyas ye shes on the Byang gter Tradition via the Figure of rGya Zhang khrom,” Revue d’Études Tibétaines, no. 62 (Feb. 2022): 190–215, https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_62_08.pdf (accessed Oct. 7, 2025).
  2. Jean-Luc Achard, “A Brief Note on the Northern Treasures of the Bon Tradition,” Revue d’Études Tibétaines, no. 68 (Jan. 2024): 16–35, https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_68_02.pdf (accessed Oct. 7, 2025).
  3. Christopher Bell, “Worldly Protector Deities in Tibetan Buddhism,” in Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. 2: Major Personages in Myth, Hagiography and Historical Biography (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 1254–66, https://brill.com (entry available online; access depends on subscription) (accessed Oct. 7, 2025).

The Question of the Soul: Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism


The question of what the soul is, whether it exists, and what happens to it after death lies at the center of the world’s major religious traditions. Christianity, especially in its Catholic tradition, affirms the soul as eternal and God-given. Hinduism has multiple schools, often affirming an eternal self or ātman. Buddhism, including Tibetan Buddhism, rejects the idea of a permanent self or soul and instead speaks of mind and consciousness as a conditioned stream of awareness without enduring essence.


The Christian and Catholic Understanding of the Soul

Christianity teaches that every human being has a unique, immortal soul created by God. According to Catholic doctrine, the soul is the spiritual principle of the human person. It is eternal in destiny, surviving bodily death, and directed either toward communion with God or separation from Him.

Scriptural sources include Genesis 2:7, where God breathes life into Adam and he becomes a living soul [1]; Matthew 10:28, where Jesus warns of the danger of losing the soul [2]; and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which affirms that the soul is created by God and immortal [3]. In this view, the soul is not an impersonal principle but a personal identity, judged and redeemed by God.


Hindu Views on the Self (Ātman)

Hinduism is diverse, but most of its classical schools affirm the existence of ātman, the true self. The Chandogya Upanishad teaches “tat tvam asi” (you are that), affirming the identity of the self with Brahman [4]. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad declares, “This self (ātman) is indeed Brahman” [5]. The Bhagavad Gita teaches that the self is eternal and indestructible [6].

Distinguishing Hindu and Christian Concepts

Both Hindu and Christian traditions speak of something enduring at the core of human existence, but they do so in different ways.

Christianity teaches that the soul is created by God, personal, and accountable before Him. It does not preexist from eternity but comes into being by His will and remains dependent on Him for existence, judgment, and salvation.

In Hindu thought, Advaita Vedānta emphasizes the identity of the self (ātman) with Brahman, dissolving individuality into the absolute. Dvaita and many Bhakti traditions instead teach that the self remains distinct yet eternal, existing in relationship with the divine. In all of these cases, the ātman is uncreated and co-eternal with ultimate reality, not brought into being by God.

Thus, while both traditions sometimes use personal and sometimes abstract language, the Christian soul and the Hindu ātman play very different roles. The soul in Christian theology is a created person before God; the ātman in Hindu philosophy is an eternal essence, whether one with Brahman or distinct in devotion.


The Creator God in Christianity and Hinduism

Christianity affirms one personal Creator God who brings the universe into being from nothing and sustains it in existence.

Hinduism presents a wide range of views. In Bhakti traditions, deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi are worshiped as supreme creators. Vedānta schools affirm Brahman as the ultimate source, though in Advaita this is not a personal act of creation but the manifestation of māyā. Other schools such as Sāṃkhya and Mīmāṃsā reject a creator altogether, viewing the universe as self-arising.

Thus, while Christianity grounds the soul in a personal God who creates and judges, Hindu thought ranges from devotion to a personal creator to cosmologies where no creator is necessary.


Buddhist Rejection of the Soul

Buddhism arose in part as a rejection of the Hindu doctrine of ātman. In the Anattalakkhana Sutta, the Buddha declared that none of the five aggregates of existence constitute a self [7]. The doctrine of anātman (no-soul) became central.

Mind and Consciousness

In Tibetan Buddhism, mind and consciousness are viewed as a stream of awareness, conditioned by karma. The Abhidharma-kośa describes consciousness as momentary and dependent [8]. Unlike Christianity and Hinduism, which affirm an eternal principle (soul or self), Buddhism denies it, calling belief in permanence a delusion.

Yet questions arise. If there is no soul, then what suffers in the hell realms described in Tibetan texts? The Bardo Thödol warns of the horrors of the Vajra Hell, a realm said to be utterly without escape [9]. The Hevajra Tantra declares that those who violate tantric commitments “will not be liberated for as many eons as there are atoms in the universe” [10]. The Cakrasaṃvara Tantra and later commentaries also teach that breaking tantric vows leads to vajra hells without release [11].

This presents a paradox: if there is no enduring self, who is suffering eternally?


Tibetan Buddhist Schools Under Examination

Madhyamaka – Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikā argues that all phenomena, including the self, are empty of inherent existence [13]. But if the self is an illusion, how does karma persist? If Vajra Hell is eternal, how can something that does not exist suffer forever?

Yogācāra (Mind-Only) – The Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra introduces ālayavijñāna, the “storehouse consciousness,” which preserves karmic seeds [14]. Though intended to avoid affirming a self, it functions much like one: carrying memory, identity, and karma. Hinduism here provides a comparison: the Bhagavad Gita teaches that the self carries karma through many births [6]. Yogācāra denies the term “soul,” yet reintroduces something strikingly similar. Christianity differs again: not a karmic storehouse, but a personal soul created by God.

Dzogchen (Great Perfection) – Dzogchen teachings, such as the Kunjed Gyalpo (All-Creating King), speak of rigpa, primordial pure awareness that is timeless and luminous [15]. Though Dzogchen denies that rigpa is a soul, the resemblance is striking. If rigpa is eternal, pure, and the ground of all experience, how is this different from what Christians call the soul or Hindus call ātman? The denial seems rhetorical rather than substantive.

Vajrayāna and Deity Possession – Tantric scriptures describe deity yoga, in which practitioners invite deities to merge with them [16]. If there is no self or soul, what exactly is being merged with or possessed?


Conclusion

Across Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, the question of what endures, what we might call the soul, self, or consciousness, reveals fundamentally different views of human identity. Christianity anchors personhood in a created, immortal soul made by God and accountable to Him. Hinduism envisions an eternal ātman, uncreated and either one with or distinct from the divine. Buddhism, in contrast, denies any enduring essence, seeing the sense of self as a conditioned process. Yet in its Tibetan forms, teachings on karmic continuity, primordial awareness, and tantric transformation often edge back toward affirming something that functions like a self.

From long immersion in both Catholic and Tibetan Buddhist traditions, I have come to believe that the Christian vision alone sustains coherence between moral responsibility, continuity of consciousness, and the promise of redemption. It affirms not only that we exist, but that we are known and loved by the One who created us. Against the shifting alternatives of an impersonal absolute or an empty stream of awareness, in my opinion, the Christian understanding of the soul remains the clearest expression of what it means to be human before God.


References

[1] Genesis 2:7, The Holy Bible (ESV).
[2] Matthew 10:28, The Holy Bible (ESV).
[3] Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part I, Section Two, Chapter One, Article 1, §366.
[4] Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7, in Radhakrishnan, S. (trans.), The Principal Upanishads.
[5] Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5, in Olivelle, P. (trans.), The Early Upanishads.
[6] Bhagavad Gita 2.20, in Zaehner, R. (trans.), The Bhagavad-Gita.
[7] Anattalakkhana Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 22.59), in Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans.), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha.
[8] Vasubandhu, Abhidharma-kośa.
[9] Bardo Thödol (Tibetan Book of the Dead), in Evans-Wentz, W.Y. (ed.).
[10] Hevajra Tantra, Snellgrove, D.L. (trans.), The Hevajra Tantra: A Critical Study.
[11] Cakrasaṃvara Tantra, in Tsuda, S. (trans.), The Samvarodaya Tantra.
[12] Hevajra Tantra, ibid.
[13] Nāgārjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Kalupahana, D.J. (trans.).
[14] Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra, Xuanzang (trans.).
[15] Kunjed Gyalpo (All-Creating King), in Namkhai Norbu (trans.), The Supreme Source.
[16] Cakrasaṃvara Tantra and Hevajra Tantra, ibid.